Victorian Era Essay Example for Free

Victorian Era Essay There are several differences in the movie comparing to the actual Victorian era and Im going to state three differences. First in the movie it said that prince Albert died of typhoid at the age of 40. In the movie that was the only mentioning of illness and sickness that killed someone. In the actual Victorian era the diseases such as cholera, smallpox, typhoid fever, influenza, and tuberculosis were very common and killed millions of people in the nineteenth century. Child birth was very hazardous and many women died as a result. Second in several scenes in the movie , people were really rude and disrespectful to the queen. Queen Victorias mothers assistant was a individual that was extremely disrespectful to the Queen. He yelled at her and even laid his hands on her and pushed her. In the Victorian era the people in the household were extremely nice and polite. They were basically servants to her. They would hold her hand when she would walk up the stairs and they would always ask if the Queen needed anything at all times. Lastly in the movie , the women wore really short dresses and non collared shirts. In the Victorian era , the wealthy dresses extremely well. Women wore long dresses made of the finest cloth, with high collars to protect their skin from the sun. Unlike today, a tan was a sign that a person worked outdoors and was, therefore, lower class. In conclusion , the movie was different to the actual Victorian era because of the disease , loyalty and the fashion.

Financial Statements Essay Example for Free

Financial Statements Essay There are four basic financial statements that companies use. They begin with income statement, statement of owner’s equity, balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows. Company’s use income statements to report how much money they have made and how much they have spent over a specified period of time. The statement of owner’s equity is used to report any changes in equity from a company’s net income or net loss, as well as report changes in the owner’s investments and withdrawals over a specified period of time. The balance sheet is used to report a company’s financial position at any point in time. This statement includes information such as what types of assets and their amounts, liabilities, and equity. The statement of cash flows is the last document out of the four basic financial statements. This statement is used to report how much money a company is bringing in (receipts), and how much they are spending (payments), during a specific period of time. Any changes found in assets and liabilities on a balance sheet reflect the revenues and expenses found in the income statement, which in turn results in gains or losses for a company. The statement of cash flows reports more information concerning the cash assets that are listed on a balance sheet and a linked, but not necessarily the same, as the net income found on the company’s income statement. Financial statements are nothing but numbers on a document when they’re on their own, but together, they provide valuable and powerful information for a company to make very big decisions about how to run their company, and how to make decisions for their company in the future. The information is also valuable for investors to make wise and educated decisions for investing in companies.

The Theories Of Motivation Psychology Essay

The Theories Of Motivation Psychology Essay Motivation can be defined as giving a reason, incentive, enthusiasm or interest that causes a person to adopt a specific action or behavior. A simple example could be that our act of eating is motivated by hunger. We can classify motivation into two main types: Intrinsic motivation: when people do something for pleasure, importance or desire (internal) Extrinsic motivation: when external factors motivate a person to adopt a certain act or behavior(external) (Lionel, 1994) Theories of motivation: Incentive theory: A tangible or an intangible reward is given after the occurrence of an action/behavior with the intention of causing the behavior/action to occur again. Some studies show that if the reward is given quickly, the effect is greater than if the incentive is given after increased passage of time. This repetitive action-reward combination makes the specific behavior a habit.(Robert, 1995) This theory is promoted by many famous behavioral psychologists such as B.F.Skinner and emphasizes that if actions are positively received, people are more likely to carry them on again and again while if they are negatively received, people avoid carrying out those acts/behaviors again. Incentive theory differentiates itself from other theories such as drive theory in terms of behaviorism in such a way that it involves positive reinforcement i.e the act is reinforced to make the person happy and encourage him to carry it on again for example a person knows that eating food or drinking water will make him satisfied and happy, while in the drive theory, use of negative reinforcement is made i.e the stimulus has been associated with the removal of the punishment for example a person knows that when he will consume food if he is hungry, it will eliminate the negative feeling of hunger.(Wilson,1992) In simpler words, incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards. Behavioral concepts such as association and reinforcement play an important role in this theory of motivation.(Wilson, 1992) Drive reduction theory: This theory emphasizes that people have certain biological needs or drives (example hunger, sleep and sex) and as the time passes, the strength of the desire increases if it is not fulfilled or satisfied. Upon satisfying the drive, the strength is reduced and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis. In simpler words, people are motivated to carry out some actions in order to reduce the internal tension caused by unmet needs. An example of application of this theory is that when you drink a glass of water to reduce the internal state of thirst. Another example is if we were hot, we would seek for a shade, this seeking for shade and drinking glass of water is an example of drive reducing behavior. The problem however, faced with this theory is that the drives are not always, purely motivated by physiological needs. For example, a person may smell freshly baked bread and want to eat it although he has already done his breakfast little time ago. In this case the drive hunger is not motivating him to do this action but he is just eating the bread because he is attracted to the smell and he knows that a freshly baked bread tastes very good.(Lepper, 1995) Maslows theory of hierarchy of motives: Maslow emphasized that once our basic needs, which ensure our survival are met, our attention is diverted to our relationship with others, self esteem and fulfilling personal potential. (Maslow, 1970) Physiological needs are the first needs (hunger, sex etc) that need to be satisfied. Safety needs are listed as second needs and these mainly mean the feelings of security that the world is a safe placefor an individual to live. Belongingness and love needs are listed as third most important need which refer to being loved by others and accepted so that the individual can also give love to others. Esteem need is the fourth most important need. This means that a person has feelings of his self esteem which can be achieved through receiving respect from other people and recognition. Self actualization refers to reaching ones own unique potential. The final need is to find a meaning in the world beyond ones self or self transcendence.(Whyte, 1980) This hierarchy of needs is drawn in a shape of pyramid with the most important need starting from the bottom: Arousal theory of motivation: This theory suggests that people carry out some specific actions in order to increase or decrease their levels of arousal. More clearly we can say, that this theory motivates us in order to maintain our arousal level at an optimum point, not below it, not higher. A clear example of application of this theory could be when the arousal levels gets below the optimum point, the person may go to watch a movie or go for a jog. This is likely to boost up his arousal level. Similarly, if the arousal level gets high, the person is likely to seek ways in which he can bring it down, i.e ways that make him relax such as meditating or reading a book.in monkeys, curiosity motivates them how to open a latch door or a window. (butler, 1954). This theory is very popular both in the field of psychology or physiology. It was originated by Lindsley. According to him, too little stimulation can cause a person to get bored while too high level of stimulation can cause anxiety, which results in sensation seeking. Such sensation seekers are more impulsive and likely to participate in risky behavior. Impulsivity refers to inability of a person to judge the consequences of a risky action he is going to perform. Such impulsive people might not be able to correctly process cognitive information.(lynam and miller, 2004) Instinct theory of motivation: In accordance with this theory, people behave in specific way because they are evolutionarily programmed to. People do not actually learn to behave like that, it is an inborn behavior. A clear example of such a behavior is the migrations that occur in animals world.(forbes,2011) William james created a list of instincts which included: Modesty love Attatchement Play Fear Anger Shyness However, the main problems faced by this theory were that it did not explain behavior, but just described. It described the effect of genetics and heresity on human behavior. Most of our behaviors are not unlearned and thus, these instincts are not likely to motivate us. According to Sigmund freud, human behavior is driven by two biological instincts: eros and thenatos, the life instinct and the death instinct respectively. The life instinct includes sexual motivation, the death instinct includes aggression motivation. He suggested that people should handle these aggressive instincts carefully and non-violently by engaging in competitive activities.(steven,2002) William mcdougal also pioneered an instinct theory, in his theory, instincts compose of three parts; perception, behavior and emotion. Humans have perceptual predisposition to focus on stimuli that are important to his goals. Humans have the drive and energy called the emotional core between perception of the goal and the movement towards it. Mcdougal listed 17 instincts including: Hunger Rejection of particular substances Curiosity Escape Pugnacity Sex Maternal/paternal instinct Gregariousness Self-assertion Submission Construction Acquisition Crying Laughter Comfort Rest Migration (steven,2002) Cognitive evaluation theory: This theory suggests that there are actually two types of motivation; intrinsic and extrinsic which correspond to two types of motivators: Intrinsic motivators; that come from actual performance of the task e.g achievement, responsibility and competence Extrinsic motivators; that come from a persons environment or controlled by others e.g pay, promotion, feedback and working conditions. Any of these could be a more power motivator for an individual.(Lepper,1995) Intrinsically motivated people perform mainly for their own satisfaction and achievement.if they start to believe that they are working for pay or work conditions or for any other extrinsic reason, they begin to lose motivation. It emphasizes that powerful extrinsic motivators can decrease a persons intrinsic motivation, especially if the extrinsic motivators are believed to be controlled by others by the individual.(Lepper, 1995) Hezbergs two factor theory: According to hezberg, two kinds of factors are likely to affect motivation, and they do it in different ways: Hygiene factors: if these are absent, an individual is motivated. However, their presence has no perceived effect. These are the things that when u take away from a person, he gets dissatisfied and tries to take them back. Examples include decent working conditions, pay, security, company policies and interpersonal relationships. Motivators: these are factors whose presence motivates. Their absence does not cause dissatisfaction but just fails to motivate people. We can say that hygiene factors cause dissatisfaction while motivators cause satisfaction. The two scales are independent and one can be high on either or both.(Piers, 2007) MEASUREMENT OF MOTIVATION Measurement of motivation can be classified into two types: Measurement of social drives Measurement of biological drives (Chavajay, 2002) Measurement of social drives can be done through the following ways: Personality questionnaire Projective techniques Situational tests Observation Interviews 1-personaity questionnaire: in these questionnares, subjects are asked as to how will they respond to certain situations or conditions. Various tests are used in these questionnares such as interest inventory, Minnesota multiphase personality inventory and California psychological inventory. (Chavajay,2002) 2-projective techniques: these present simple and ambiguous stimuli that allow the subject to respond with projection of both sexes in their personality. These tests are conducted by showing abstract pictures, writing stories to subjects and include other tests like Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test. Psychologists have experienced that these tests can provide valuable insight into ones personality. However, it is easy to misinterpret the responses and an inexperienced tester can misuse the information that is collected. Projective tests are also known as objective tests. 3-situational tests: social drive or affiliation can be measured by giving a person choice between waiting in a need to achieve or the need to affiliate with others such as drives for works, compliance drives, social approval drives, self actualization drives. 4-observation: observation can be defined as watching an individuals behavior over a period of time. It can be done in natural environment or in clinical settings. Through observation, psychologists also try to know about behavioral problems. 5-interviews: its a way to gather information face to face from the person who is being evaluated. A successive interview is that in which the interviewee is made to talk openly about his feelings, drives and experiences.(Chavajay,2002) Measurement of biological drives can be done through following ways: Speed of learning of individual Preferences shown by an individual when given choices between more than one goal Rate of response of an individual Amount of obstruction required to prevent the animal from reaching a goal Action of nervous system Amplitude of a response Gross motor activity of an individual The stimuli presented can be varied and can be internal or external. (Chavajay, 2002) LISTS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MOTIVES Primary motives are also known as biological moitves have a definite physiological basis and are biologically important for an individuals survival. These arouse the behavior of an organism in directions that lead to a change in the internal environment. Sources of biological motivational needs include increase/decrease simulation, activate senses, decrease hunger, thirst, discomfort and maintaining homeostasis, balance. (Harter, 2011) The primary motives consist of: Hunger Thirst Pain Sexual drive Air or need for respiration Fatigue Sleep Maternal drive Secondary motives are individualistic in nature as they are related to self esteem, self exhibition, self security, self freedom and self assertion. These are also known as psychological motives and are very important in the development of an individuals behavior and personality.(Harter, 2011) The secondary motives include: Need for affiliation Need for approval Need for achievement Need for security Curiosity motive Competence motive Power motive Aggression motive Self actualization (Harter, 2011)

Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

Gatsby meets a woman and falls in love with her. However, Gatsby does not have the fame and fortune a classy lady like Daisy desires. Gatsby decides to devote his whole life to achieving the material goods with which to satisfy Daisy. He lives in the past on a moment of absolute happiness hoping he can relive that state of emotion sometime in the future. F. Scott Fitzgerald published the book in 1925 using the actual time in history, the Roaring Twenties to help create Gatsby's character. Gatsby's participation in the bootlegging business, the extravagant parties he throws, and the wealthy, careless lifestyle the Buchanans represent, are all vivid pictures of that time frame. Fitzgerald's portrayal of the time period creates lifelike characters in the novel. By creating these personable characters, Fitzgerald is allowing the reader to associate himself with Gatsby, and letting him use his imagination, so that in the end, the reader can decide if the Great Gatsby is truly 'great'. Fitzgerald allows the reader to incorporate the story into their own past and past relationships, ultimately putting the reader in Gatsby's shoes and seeing what the reader would do in the same situation. It raises a great debate; should people live their lives yearning for something in the past? Is it acceptable to live one's whole life on a past experience or memory hoping to reach back in time and pull the past to the present. Is it healthy? In this case, Fitzgerald is saying no its not healthy. He says it ruins a person and things change. Is Gatsby great? In some ways he is, you have to admire a man who lives his whole life devoting himself to his passion and never getting sidetracked. But you also have to realize that some things are foolish to live a dream upon, because nothing ever stays the same. Things change and when you reach a goal you realize it wasn't what you

Computers in the Construction Industry :: Expository Essays

Computers in the Construction Industry Computers have greatly changed the construction industry. Since the beginning of time there has been some type of construction. The caveman had weapons and tools. As of late man builds homes, skyscrapers, and various other buildings. Super-structures are very large-scale projects; that without the use of computers would be very arduous tasks. It would take many draftsmen many months to complete all of the drawings necessary to build a skyscraper. The advent of the computer has greatly improved the way the construction occurs today. Computer Aided Drafting and design programs facilitate the way buildings are designed. Auto Cad allows a draftsmen to produce drawings in a quick and efficient. Computers allow draftsmen to draw and make changes without picking up a pencil or eraser. Floor plans, plot plans, schematics, and detail plans are all drawn easier through the use of computer aided drafting programs, such as Auto Cad and IDEAS. Communication is the most important part of construction. There wouldn’t be projects to complete if there was not communication between the contractor and client. Means of communication vary greatly. Communication is achieved through electronic mail, mobile phones, and pagers. Mobile phones are perhaps the most important part of communication. Mobile phones allow contact between construction crews, owners, clients, and suppliers. Communication between builder (boss) and foreman is critical to ensure that deadlines, and specific tasks are being met. Communication is an essential ingredient in the construction business. There are few tools that have been affected by computers, possibly only the production of the tool. But there are a small number of tools that are irreplaceable that utilize computers. Laser levels or transits take the conjectures out of grading, straightening a wall, setting up batter boards, or leveling a line to start siding. Calculators are and invaluable tool for even the most experienced carpenter. Calculators make simple math even easier. Calculators such as the Construction Master VI alleviate some of the nuisance associated with building stairs, squaring up walls, and estimating amounts of material. Cost estimation is another essential part of the construction profession. Spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft Excel are useful for cost estimation. Instead of figuring every single cost factor for every single project, you can do it once, and then input values for further projects.

Judgment and Superficiality Essay -- Shakespeare Beauty Shallow Essays

Judgment and Superficiality Beauty is only skin deep Beauty is in the eye of the beholder   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Beauty is only skin deep† and â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder† can be very controversial quotes to some people. Those quotes are all based on how they are viewed by other people. You may not believe in them but others might believe strongly in them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, â€Å"Beauty is only skin deep† all depends on what type of person you are. Both quotes rate directly to each other but let’s pull them apart separately. I think that ‘Beauty is only skin deep’ is expressed in many ways by people. If you are not one of those beautiful people in this world then to some people you mean nothing. When you look around a normal school you see clicks right? Well that’s what I am talking about. You see the people who express them selves by wearing darker clothes, and the people who always wear the trendy and instyle clothes. Sometimes you get jealous and say mean things because either you wished you looked like them or you want the things they have. But we were all created differently. You have to like yourself first for anyone else to like you. Relating to ‘Beauty is only skin deep’ means that people only look at what’s inside that counts. Some people believe at love at first s ight, what is all that about? That means they like the person just from seeing them. So many people in this world can relate. People judge people. You look around and think by the clothes or hairstyle this girl wears that she can either not afford them or chooses to be that way. So you think she is poor. Doesn’t she deserve your attention too? I think that beauty is over rated. People need to look at your mind, your intelligence. Coming from a world where I get compliments a lot, saying that I am pretty I know what its like. I am not trying to be conceited but it’s just the truth. Being pretty is not all it’s cracked up to be. Since being pretty has got me a lot of compliments it also brings in the bad sides of things. Ultimately girls think that I am stuck up and a rich snob, If they knew me or got to know me they would hopefully think differently of me. They also think that since I am pretty that their boyfriends will like me and leave them or something, cause they get really jealous. I do not know why this is but they think I am a boyfriend stealer. When I am only interested in those limited ... ...her for other reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then Shakespeare also expresses in Act 3, Scene 1, when Titania wakes up and she falls in love in love with Nick Bottom the weaver. This shows that belief of ‘Beauty is only skin deep’ is irrelevant to that particular scene. Titania immediately falls head over heels for the boy and she chases him with every word. She sends her fairies to wait on him hand and foot to show her affection. Without even knowing him Titania wants him because of the evil spell the King of the fairies puts her under. He wants to embarrass her with something he knows will work, this shows that they know of the fact of love at first sight. Love at first sight is a saying people use on first opinions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why must people be so harsh and mute to the fact that the world is judge mental? I think that everyone knows that everyone else judges’ people they just do not want to admit anything or be wrong. Everyone one is so self involved at one time in another they do not stop and think what other people are feeling. These quotes do not just affect people but the feelings inside people. Next time you say that he/she is hot, think how immoral you are being to yourself and others.

Gaming Addiction study Essay

According to Daria J Kuss in the 2000s, online games became popular, while studies of Internet gaming addiction emerged, outlining the negative consequences of excessive gaming, its prevalence, and associated risk factors. Internet gaming is a booming market. In 2012, more than one billion individuals played computer games, which fuelled the 8% growth of the computer gaming industry in the same year. A recent report by the market research company Niko Partners has estimated the People’s Republic of China’s online gaming market at $12 billion in 2013. In her research she stated that Internet gaming addiction has increased both in quantity as well as in quality. Research on gaming addiction dates back to 1983, when the first report emerged suggesting that video gaming addiction is a problem for students. Shortly thereafter, the first empirical study on gaming addiction was published by Shotton, based on self-reports of young male players who claimed they were â€Å"hooke d† on their games. The early studies suffered from a lack of standardized psychometric instruments used for assessing gaming addiction. Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs), on the other hand, appear of particular interest to players because they offer a variety of incentives for play relative to other game genres. Of all online gamers, 46% play MMORPGs,3 confirming their position as the most popular online games. MMORPGs are game universes inhabited by thousands of players at the same time (massively multiplayer) with no spatial or temporal boundaries because they are played online, and they allow players to adopt various virtual personas in their avatars (role playing). In South-East Asian countries, the negative impacts of Internet gaming  addiction have led governments and health care providers to take the problem seriously and to develop a series of initiatives to curb and alleviate the problem. In South Korea, Internet gaming addiction is viewed as a significant concern for public health, and up to 24% of children who have been diagnosed with Internet addiction are hospitalized. In Japan, the government has recognized the problem following a study by the Ministry of Education, which has led to the development of â€Å"fasting camps† where individuals suffering from Internet and gaming addiction are helped by being cut off from technology completely. It has been stated that the higher the Internet penetration and social acceptance of gaming, the higher the prevalence of gaming problems, partially explaining the higher prevalence rates reported in South-East Asian countries. In addition to this, there is good reason to think that the lower acceptance of excessive gaming in a culture, the more distress (not less) gamers experience in engaging in the activity, potentially fuelling problem perception. Therefore, a lack of acceptance of excessive gaming and thus stigmatization of the behavior might contribute to higher rates of addiction and problematic play in some way. Following growing concern, specialized treatment centers and programs have been established in Europe (including the outpatient clinic for behavioral addictions in Mainz, Germany, and the Capio Nightingale Hospital in London, UK) and the US (including the inpatient centers RESTART Internet Addiction Recovery Program in Seattle and the recently opened digital detoxification and recovery center in Pennsylvania), reflecting the growing need for professional help. Internet gaming addiction is a behavioral problem that has been classified and explained in numerous ways. According to Griffiths,13 biopsychosocial processes lead to the development of addictions, such as Internet gaming addiction, which include the following components. First, the behavior is salient (the individual is preoccupied with gaming). Second, the individual uses the behavior in order to modify their mood (ie, gaming is used to escape reality or create the feeling of euphoria). Third, tolerance develops (the individual needs increasingly more time to feel the same effect). Fourth, withdrawal symptoms occur upon discontinuation of the behavior (the individual feels anxious, depressed, and irritable if they are prevented  from playing). Fifth, interpersonal and intra-personal conflict develops as a consequence of the behavior (the individual has problems with their relationship, job, and hobbies, and lack of success in abstinence). Finally, upon discontinuation of the beha vior, the individual experiences relapse (they reinitiate gaming). Although the core criteria appear to be established, the etiology of Internet gaming addiction has yet to be studied in detail. Research15 indicates that a number of risk factors are associated with Internet gaming addiction. These risk factors include certain personality traits, gaming motivations, and structural game characteristics. The personality traits most commonly associated with Internet addiction include neuroticism,37,50 aggression and hostility,43,50–52 and sensation-seeking.43,50 Factors that appear to protect frequent online gamers from developing problems with their gaming were found to be conscientiousness and extraversion,53 suggesting that for different individuals the same behavior can have different psychological repercussions. In addition to this, the following gaming motivations were found to be most commonly associated with gaming addiction: coping with daily stressors and escapism, online relationships, and mastery, control, recognition, completion, excitement, and challenge. This indicates that the reasons for game play may be an important indicator of potential risk for Internet gaming addiction. Specifically, in comparison with non-MMORPG players, MMORPG players preferred their online friends over their real-life friends. Similarly, significantly more dependent gamers were found to prefer spending time with their online friends than their offline friends relative to nondependent gamers and felt their social needs were met better online than offline. Moreover, while online games provide nonaddicted players with satisfaction, addicted players play to avoid dissatisfaction, which can be an indication of withdrawal symptoms they want to overcome by engaging in gaming compulsively. The motivational differences to play games between dependent and nondependent as well as MMORPG and other gamers appear to be useful clinical information because these motivations can be specifically targeted in treatment sessions. For instance, elements of exposure therapy  may be used for the socially fearful in order to decrease discomfort and reintroduce clients to real-life social environments. Also, alternative pastime activities that are perceived as satisfying can be encouraged specifically in group therapy sessions. Encouraging engagement in group sports might satisfy both the need to engage in competitive and satisfying activities and the need to interact with peers in real life. Moreover, a number of structural game characteristics have been found to increase the risk for developing Internet gaming addiction, namely online relative to offline gaming,61 positive reinforcement,62 the enjoyment of particular game features, such as adult content, finding rare in-game items, and watching game cut scenes,63 and viewing one’s virtual persona as better than oneself.64 These characteristics indicate that particular games can be more addictive than others,15 which appears important for game developers and public prevention campaigns that focus on decreasing risk and raising awareness of potential problems. Prevention campaigns could target school-aged children, teachers, and parents in education settings. They could be based on the principles of providing information and a discussion platform concerning Internet and gaming use and possible negative consequences via psychoeducation, with the ultimate goal of encouraging healthy media use. Success could be determ ined over the long term using triangulation of data and reports obtained from the targeted populations.