Costing, Budgeting for Projects Accounting Essay

Costing, Budgeting for Projects Accounting - Essay Example9018088 0.000842049 12 8 13 9 7.703656443 1.680506618 13 9 14 7 7.414185094 0.171549292 14 7 15 4.791208791 44.00883114 -1.008791209 19.92307692 0.247845443 2.110327908 0.57993311 3.738278384 16.56687898 12 231.5175824 167.6967033 Estimating Learning-Curve Functions 2 2) I used the shape approach and forecast approach to estimate non-linear functions such as the learning-curve function. The predicted appraise for 15 wholes is 4.791209. Note When I used the forecast approach, either there was an error in the figure or the predicted economic value is wrong. The formula on p.209 is =FORECAST(15,B1B14,A1A14), but I came up with a predicted value of 4.32967. however since I must arrive at the value 4.791209, I envisiond the formula shouldve been =FORECAST(15,B2B15,A2A15). I lastly succeeded at having the same value 4.791209. I think my formula is more accurate because for 14 units of outputs, the DLH value is already given wit h a value of 7. The formula for regression analysis is Y = a + bX where a is the constant term and b is the slope. When estimating LCR, I used Solver mo in Excel. I started with an estimated LCR of .80 and entered that figure in cell D2. For getting the predicted DLHs, I used Excel learning-curve formula which is =$B$2*A2(LN($D$2)/LN(2)). For unit 1 (X), the predicted value is an exact match. It is the same as the actual DLH, 29. The rest of the predicted DLHs for outputs 2-14 were a wet match except for 9 and 11 units (in thousands) of outputs. Next, I calculated the squared-error. The obvious answer is 0, since there is no error. The predicted DLH is exactly the same as the actual DLH. The formula for squared-error in Excel is =(C2-B2)2 for 1 unit (in thousands). The rest can be calculated in Solver routine by dragging the cells when copy the formula for 1 unit of output. Estimating Learning-Curve Functions 3 3) Shown on the graph with the downward slope, as the total outputs in creased, the cumulative units produced decreased. In other words, the more experience there is in producing outputs, the amount of time to perform the labor decreases. The plot is consistent with the data given for units produced and DLHs. 4) I estimated the LCR with the incremental unit-time learning-curve model using Solver routine and I arrived at 0.69 or .70. In the Solver routine window, I entered the target cell as $E$2 which is the squared error contained in E2 and the changing cell as $D$2 which is the Estimating Learning-Curve Functions 4 LCR contained in D2. The exponent in learning-curve model, b, is -0.51681. So for DLH 29, the incremental unit-time learning-curve model is Y = 29.0*X-0.51681. 5) The formula for cumulative average time per unit to produce x units is Y = axb where Y = cumulative average time per unit to produce x units, a = the time taken for the world-class unit of output, x = the cumulative number of units, and b = the index of learning (log LR/log 2) . Using the deliberateness in Excel spreadsheet, I entered the formula =$B$2*A2(Ln($D2$/Ln(2)) for cumulative av